Garin le Brun, Ensenhamen. (Garins lo brus o Garinç lo Bruç)
.jpg "Garin le Brun, Ensenhamen. El premier cap, amia,")
El premier cap, amia,
es mos talans que dia
tota la contenenza, -
si c'om no i trob faillenza, -
que domna deu aver.
C'aizo fai a saber,
lo matin al levar
se deu gran soing donar
que sia fresca e clara
sa colors e sa cara,
e que non i remaigna
tals res que no s'ataigna.
Pois sia sa camisa,
qu'es aprob lei assisa,
blanca, molla e dolgada;
car esti' aizinada:
pels flancs e pels costaz,
pels altres locs privaz
deu esser d'aital mena
qu'en aital loc covena.
Tuit sei altre apareill,
segon lo meu conseill,
de qualque mena sion,
esgar que ben estion
pels flancs e pels costaz
e pels pes e pelz braz.
Sei sotlar, per mon grat,
sion petit, dolgat,
que no parescon gran
sei pe, ni mal estan.
E de son afiblar
se deu gran soing donar
que non esti' en fol
sos mantels a son col
ni semble soiseupuz
can l'er al col penduz.
Sas serviriz privadas
sion gent enseignadas
e sapchon ses orgoill
servir, c'aital o voill.
E de sa liadura
se sapchon donar cura;
son pel ahordenar
sapchon, et entrenar.
E s'om gen las apella
de neguna novella,
sapchon se ben defendre
e gardar de reprendre.
Quant ill ira al sain,
aia ab si tal compain
que ges d'ancta no il fassa,
cui que trob en la plassa.
Ill an dreit e suau
ez a petit esclau;
que non es cortezia
que domna an tost per via,
que trop fassa gran pas
ni per anar se las.
Si es en palafren,
si' aitals com conven;
e si ben o espleita,
an gentemen e dreita.
Dinz sa maison eschai
a leis que ben o fai,
que sia a tota gen
de bon contenemen,
ez als mals ez als bos
sia de bel respos.
Cals que veigna ni an
en leis trob bel semblan
e bon acuillimen;
mas non tuit engalmen:
no sion tuit engal
li bon aissi co l mal.
Tal i a qi no gara
cui es humils ni cara
ni non sap ges triar
cal hom fai ad honrar.
Mas aquo non es sens,
anz mals enseignamens
e uns tors de folage
que revert a putage.
Mout se deu apensar
cil qui ben o vol far
en cui plus abandon
sa bona acuillizon;
que mout home seran,
s'om lor fai bel semblan,
que s faran demanes, -
tant seron mal apres, -
contes de s'amistat
e'n levaran gran glat.
De moltas guisas son
divers home pel mon
que se fan adhonrar
d'acuillir e d'amar.
Als autres no taing gaire
ni no deu hom trop faire,
c'ab un breu saludar
pod om tan gen pagar
que s tenran per graziz
e per gen acuilliz.
Si hom vos ven vezer,
ab somos de sezer
vos dreichaz contra lui;
mas ben gardaz vas cui;
qu'assaz son destrian
homen a lor senblan.
Si us par cortes ni pros,
faiz lo sezer laz vos.
Mas no seiaz leugeira
qe ja parlez premeira
de negun gran solaz,
mas solamen si l plaz
lo somonez que l jorn
remaign'a 'quest sojorn.
// Wiki English //
Garin lo Brun or le Brun [1] (Latin: Garis Bruni; died 1156/1162) was an early Auvergnat troubadour.
Garin lived in the Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay, where his family owned castles. He was himself lord of Châteauneuf-de-Randon in the Gévaudan and a vassal of Ermengarde of Narbonne and of Eleanor of Aquitaine. [2][3] His origins were either in the Diocese of Mende [3] or in Randon. [4] If he was of Randon, then his father was Garin (Guérin) de Randon, a vassal of Raymond Berengar III, Count of Barcelona, of whom Guérin and his brother Odilon held the castle of Randon. [5] This is likely, as a Garin paid homage to the count of Barcelona for this castle in 1150. In 1162, Garin lo Brun appears to have died, as in that year his brother William (Guillaume), called Randon protecteur des troubadours ("Randon, Protector of Troubadours"), arranged a requiem mass for him and granted Grosvialla (Groviala) to the Knights Templar for the rest of his soul.
Garin composed mostly tensos, but only one of these has survived and is an imaginary dialogue between Mezura (moderation) and Leujaria (lightness), that is, both sides of the debate are written by Garin. For Lightness, the true wisdom in love is folly: a man must get on, lose no chances, and show boldness to obtain the favour of ladies of the highest possible rank. Moderation, on the other hand, advises self-restraint in love, treading softly without showing impatience. Moderation's advice to women is not to give all they have suddenly, leaving nothing to offer. [5][6] This tenso was dedicated to one Eblon de Saignes. [4]
The medievalist Mark Johnston notes that Garin's work is similar to that of another 12th-century troubadour poet, Arnaut Guilhem de Marsan. [7]
The author of Garin's vida (biography) comments that "he went to the trouble of telling the ladies how they should behave themselves." [8]
Garin wrote the earliest known example of an ensenhamen or didactic (teaching) poem to have survived, which has the title El termini d'estiu. [9] This is written in isometric rhymed hexameter and has been dated to 1155. [2] Perhaps the earliest known text is contained in the Pierpont Morgan Library's MS 819, an illuminated manuscript of the 13th century, in which Garin's poem is contained together with another similar didactic work by Arnaut de Mareuil, in the first fifty-two folios. [10]
Garin's work has over a hundred verses on the beauty of nature and the sorry state of contemporary mores, but its main theme is the courtly behaviour of women. It is therefore sometimes called Ensenhamen de la donzela ("Ensenhamen of the girl") or L'ensegnamen alla dama ("The ensenhamen to woman"). It is part of the medieval "conduct literature" which urges women to adapt themselves to their husbands, to be merry or sad as their men are merry or sad. [11] Garin counsels also that women should sing and recite poetry for their guests. [12]
Another passage of the Ensenhamen which is sometimes quoted advises women to "welcome entertainers and poets who chatter of love and sing verses and melodies. At least, show them a good face, for if you give them nothing, they will make your name known far and wide." [14]
- Both lo Brun (Occitan) and le Brun (French) mean "the Brown".
- Ippolito, Marguerite-Marie. (2001). Bernard de Ventadour: Troubadour Limousin du XIIe siècle, Prince de l'Amour Courtois et de la Poésie Romane (L'Harmattan, ISBN 2-7475-0017-9), p. 228
- Biffière, Félix. (1985). « Ce tant rude » Gévaudan, 2 vol. (SLSA Lozère: Mende), I, p. 729
- Moulier, Pierre. (2001). Églises romanes de Haute-Auvergne (Editions Creer, ISBN 2-909797-57-0), p. 21
- Garin Le Brun (milieu XIIe siècle) online at histoire-ma.chez-alice.fr (accessed 5 March 2008)
- This advice to women has resonances with Garin's advice to a great lady in his "Ensenhamen"
- Johnston, Mark. "Gender as Conduct in the Courtesy Guides for Aristocratic Boys and Girls of Amanieu de Sescas." Essays in Medieval Studies, 20 (2003), pp. 75–84
- Egan, Margarita, ed. (1984). The Vidas of the Troubadours (New York: Garland, ISBN 0-8240-9437-9), XXXVI, p. 36
- Chambers, Frank M. (1985). An Introduction to Old Provençal Versification (Diane Publishing, ISBN 0-87169-167-1), p. 253
- Nichols, Stephen G. and Wenzel, Siegfried. (1996). The Whole Book: Cultural Perspectives on the Medieval Miscellany (University of Michigan Press), p. 99
- Perfetti, Lisa. (2003) Women and Laughter in Medieval Comic Literature (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), Introduction online at press.umich.edu (accessed 5 March 2008)
- Bowers, Jane M. and Tick, Judith. (1987). Women Making Music: The Western Art Tradition, 1150–1950 (University of Illinois Press), p. 41
- Aubrey, Elizabeth. "References to Music in Old Occitan Literature." Acta Musicologica, 61:2 (May–Aug., 1989), pp. 110–149, in particular p. 144
- Zuchetto, Gérard. Petite introduction au monde des troubadours XIIème–XIIIème siècles: A l'aube de la litterature moderne online at musicologie.org (accessed 5 March 2008)
